“EXTENDING USE OF AI IN THE ERA OF PANDEMIC”

Author: Archita yadav

college name: Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan

ABSTRACT

With the advancement in technology, we have confronted with the new entities – Artificial Intelligence is a machine which works with little or no human intervention. Artificial Intelligence (AI), being in use in different fields, has proved its importance by doing such great job. AI is supporting and replacing human activities with its emergence in various ways ranging from automatic cars, robots, machine translate software, health diagnosis software. It is being used in doing human activities like evaluation, interpretation and decision-making. This paper attempts to examine the scope of Artificial Intelligence in various fields such as legal profession and education in the 21st century and various challenges of AI are also being discussed.

KEYWORDS –: Artificial Intelligence, Fourth Revolution, Legal Profession, Education, Challenges of AI.

INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence was developed in 1950 but got the recognition after 1970. The term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ was coined by Mr. John Mc Carthy also described it as, “the science and engineering of such machines.” The Carnegie Institute of Technology has developed the first AI 'Logic Theorist' program. In Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Marvin Lee Minsky established an Artificial Intelligence laboratory.[1]

The Oxford Dictionary defines Artificial Intelligence as “the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making and translation between languages.”

Artificial Intelligence machines or devices are so clever that they collect records around them and have the power to make decisions. Those Artificial Intelligence processes are controlled by software that can be run by human organizations. Such owners have the ability to control the movement and response of an artificial intelligence system. Today, Artificial Intelligence has touched every sphere of our lives. Many spheres like transportation, health care, education, entertainment industries, legal profession are using AI to carry out the work in a more efficient and quick manner. AI is a broad field of computer science where the goal is to create programs that can work independently and intelligently. AI learns various things from its surroundings and adapt these things for future use and makes it better every day. One can say that it is an intelligent machine with the ability to think, understand and do things on its own and has the ability to copy human behaviour. With the advent of technology and especially the use of Artificial Intelligence, our lives have changed, intelligent machines allow for more cognitive techniques such as questioning, seeing, learning, problem solving and making choices, along with advances in the mathematical chain. We see the fourth revolution, which has created a ‘technology network’, characterized by the integration of multiple technologies including information details, artificial intelligence and more. AI has evolved steadily since the 1950s, with "many software-driven technologies relying on work processes that can be reduced to numbers and treated as mathematical models.”

There are three different kinds of artificial intelligence on the basis of capability,[2] Artificial Narrow Intelligence, Artificial General Intelligence and Artificial Super Intelligence-

· Narrow artificial intelligence (NAI) – Narrow AI is found in all types of systems around us, they are used in speech and text recognition, virtual assistants, face recognition and many more. Narrow artificial intelligence performs specific or narrow task.

· General artificial intelligence (GAI) – General AI is more flexible and work like humans. They are not programmed to do a specific task but are designated to function and work like human beings.

· Super artificial intelligence (SAI) – It has not been evolved in reality; hence it is hypothetical. When it will be made, it will perform better than any other AI and will work like human beings.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF AI[3]

There are four different types of AI -:

1. REACTIVE MACHINES – These AIs are purely reactive in nature. These are the oldest AI and also called conditional intelligence. They neither have the ability to memorize things nor to utilize past memories to perform current task. Deep blue, IBM’s chess-playing supercomputer is the best example of such machines. Deep blue knows every move of the chess and plays it well. But it does not remember anything related to past, it only lives the present moment.

2. LIMITED MEMORY – Under this kind of AI, machines do have programming to memorize past. Such programmes are found in the automatic cars. They observe every detail like traffic, lane change, marketing, and even the curves on the roads. Their memory is transient in nature; hence, they lose information with time.

3. THEORY OF MIND – This AI is going to be next biggest breakthrough in the field of AI. This type of AI is not evolved yet but will soon come in the future. This would be able to understand human beings, their feelings and perspective. They would even be able to express emotions.

4. SELF-AWARENESS – Self-awareness AI is the most advance one. Most of the technocrats are afraid of it as they are the exact replica of humans. the technocrats have not even evolved its theory yet. If this AI is being made, it will have features similar to a human being like emotions, feelings and will also have some fundamental beliefs. These are mostly found in sci-fi movies.

Sri C. Shiva S/O Chikka Chowdappa vs The State of Karnataka[4]

In this case it was observed by the court that the use of technology and expertise in advanced methods is best. There is a need to increase the use of available advancements of technology and compile their use for future use. The service of artificial intelligence experts can be profitably deployed in such situation.

Roshan Lal vs State of H.P.[5]

The court in this case held that modern cars are so advanced that even the brakes fail, they will not break. Technology has transformed the role of the driver into an operator. Modern cars are so advanced and sophisticated that we can no longer drive a car, but we are using it. Technology has advanced so much that accidents are not the result of car crashes but of a lack of human ability to cope. One of these grey areas are blind, invisible to human eyes. Accidents will stop happening only when cars will take all control of a person and rely on human innovation, through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, and they will move on their own.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

AI IN LEGAL ARENA

AI is a broad field of computer science where the goal is to create programs that can work independently and intelligently. One can say that it is an intelligent machine with the ability to think, understand and do things on its own. From writing through typewriters to using of computer, from using libraries only to legal research using online sites to find the appropriate case rules, from fax machines to emails, each development being a change in the legal field.

In order to save time and human resources, AI is used to search, store and update cases as AI has become technologically advanced when digital libraries, digital devices and storage devices such as Pen-drives, CD-ROM, cloud storage, Hard Disks, were established. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence, retrieving and processing data has become much easier than ever. “Leibniz, a former AI grandfather and lawyer once said: Men should not lose hours as serf in such works which can be easily done by the machines.” Law firms using AI can easily evaluate final results and protect their clients from potential risks in this case. All the activities of a law firm can be easily evaluated, divided into categories within a few days. Attorneys need to scrutinize the ‘n’ number of documents and look for errors in the agreement. With the use of AI, the time spent on such time-consuming and long activities can be saved.

During ancient times, evidences were meant loads and piles of paper and other tangible evidence. With the advancement of technology over the years, the evidences and proofs have been completely transformed into Electronically Stored Information (ESI). Customers at the law firm expect their attorneys to be faster and more efficient and also expect lower costs and better budgets from lawyers. Technology Assisted Review (TAR) has begun to take major steps in the legal profession. Artificial Intelligence has entered the legal field by taking on the task of compiling, filing, writing, investigating, forecasting crime, making ninety percent accurate decisions, opposing negotiations, advising clients, negotiating deals and appearing in court.

Top Artificial Intelligence players available in the legal market are – ROSS INTELLIGENCE, KIRA SYSTEMS, BBREVIA, LAWGEEX. An epidemic caused by a highly contagious coronavirus has claimed lives. In the context of the law, it has certainly made lawyers and judges realize the importance of technology and the need to use AI to get the work done. AI proved its importance in making the work of people in legal profession more efficient and faster, machine learning technology saves time, accuracy and has effective results.

“The Chief Justice of India S.A. Bobde, recently said in one of the events that “We have a possibility of developing Artificial Intelligence for court system. it is necessary for the purpose of undue delay in justice is prevented. With the use of machines only the repetitive, mathematical and the mechanical parts of the judgements can be accomplished easily. We are looking forward to the possibility of implementing it.”[6]

Swapnil Tripathi v. Supreme Court of India[7]

In this case, the Supreme Court recognised the principle of live streaming except in the serious offences such as rape, matrimonial, murder etc.

CHALLENGES IN LAW

Along with the benefits of the AI in the law field, there are various challenges faced by AI in the legal profession include-: It is not completely accepted by legal professionals; Legal Personality of AI is not defined as no liabilities are certain for AI; the machines often lack proper systems and data; they are expensive to afford; Privacy and protection of personal data may suffer. The law requires human communication to understand the crux of the case and the client's feelings. This is one of the biggest loopholes of Robot lawyers, who have no human feelings in the case. In Indian courts lawyers use at least a day to meet with their clients only to obtain the required information from them. Humans have a tendency to be sceptical of fully revealing the facts that robots cannot claim. The biggest problem with Artificial Intelligence that cannot be solved, keeping in mind the current technological capabilities, is "Imagination" which is a unique characteristic of human beings that enabling them to be more creative and productive. Lawyer robots lack the art of thinking and therefore cannot surpass human lawyers. With the help of AI, the workload for people working for a law firm will decrease but at the same time it will deteriorate the talents of the lawyers. There is a high chance that people will become lazy.

With the advent of Artificial Intelligence and Attorney robots in India, there is a need of a code that should be set up to regulate AI performance in the legal field. This code will be similar to that of the Advocates Act, a code that governs the attorney's accountability and credibility for his or her conduct.

WILL AI REPLACE HUMAN LAWYERS?

AI is not there to replace judges or human minds but is there to provide tools to help judges re-evaluate work, process and judgments. The main goal is to provide universal access to justice for ordinary people. AI is in its infancy as most of the older generation advocates are of the opinion that technology should not be overused as it could take away place of a person and thus escape the idea of AI in law. Having said that, there are a lot of tech-savvy lawyers, as well as large law firms who are taking advantage of advances in the technology sector to the fullest. There are various ways in which the legal industry can benefit from using AI technology to its advantage to maximize profits. Following benefits include-: Reduce time in Legal Research Work, Due Diligence can be handled with more accuracy, Reduce Costs and Increase efficiency, Analysis of Legal Documents to correct errors, Electronic Billing is also used to provide accurate billing of their work. Artificial Intelligence is used to simplify the performance of attorneys by reducing their burden and not reimbursing them. There is a widespread misconception among many legal practitioners and firms that AI will remove lawyers, but it is not possible. Hence, lawyers will never be replaced.

USE OF AI IN EDUCATIONAL ARENA

AI has been primarily used in the field of education by both teachers and students. The use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of education would provide students with more practical knowledge and sharp their skills. In colleges as well as in schools, teachers take large lectures, gives assignments and other works to students and do give grades to students which take a lot of time, this time can be used in interaction with the students for their moral development, if we use the technology to help us. Question paper containing multiple-choice questions and fill in the blanks can be easily checked by AI based technology. Most of the time, it is seen that teachers may leave some gaps while lecturing or students are shy to ask a query which leave the students confused. But with the technology, we can solve our doubts easily. When in many cases students are found to submit wrong answers to their work or assignments, this system alerts them with the customized message hints that how it is incorrect. The students are provided feedbacks by the technology about their performance, they understand the concept for the future use.

During the pandemic, we have seen that all colleges have started to take online classes due to lockdown in the country. During the situation, both teachers and students developed a relation with technology, understood its nature and crux. It is helping students to continue their study without being physically present in the class. The students, with the use of AI, are taking classes and examinations.

AI can be adopted in others aspects of teaching as well; it can transform the role of teacher to that of a facilitator. It can provide students with relevant information related to their subjects or topics. Students can learn various new things and even read the daily news for their betterment. Most students find it hard to learn things up, in such case, AI can help them by providing solutions like data regarding the topic or with some videos on the topic given. It can help students to drive at solutions with a way of experimenting with the questions. With AI systems, students can learn anywhere in the world and at any time.

CHALLENGES OF AI

There are certain challenges faced while implementing Artificial Intelligence in the realm of education. Setting up of AI machines imply much cost and complexities as it requires engineer to look after it when it has any issue. They are high maintenance and require large amount of electricity. There is a requirement of updating in AI according to the changing environment, which further entails cost. AIs do perform task faster and more efficiently than human beings but they cannot be able to perform like a teacher who copes with every student according to his ability. They lack moral or ethical values which is one another short-coming of AI. We, humans, improvise ourselves with new experiences and lessons but these machines cannot do so rather they start to wear and tear with time. With the change in input, they are to be re-programmed according to changing environment. Therefore, many a times, within any unfamiliar situation, they don’t take decisions accurately.

The students rely on the AI for almost every work like researching, writing, and others. They don’t use their own logics and tackle the situations but google out the solutions for the problems. Such reliance makes students lethargic and dumb in different fields. They would not be able to get a proper degree and a good job with lack of skills they need for a particular job. For example- for a law student, it is important that he must be able to do research work or write a paper. Hence, if he lacks such basics, then he cannot be a good lawyer. According to a study, it was stated that 30% of the world’s current human labour will be unemployed by 2030 due to the use of robots and machines. Therefore, we are required to sharp our skills to get better jobs.

CONCLUSION

Today, in the era of pandemic, the use of AI has become increased. We have shifted most of our work on computers like office are working online, judiciary is solving cases online with the help of AI and class are holding on online platforms i.e., Google meet. We have explored the various uses of AI In the pandemic period to gain benefits of it. We can say that AI is helping us in this tough situation where we can do our work without any delay.

[1] Dr. Sunitha Abhay Jain and Simran A. Jain, “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A THREAT TO PRIVACY?”, available at http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/Xo8Xn418 [2] Darshan Bhora and Kuldeep Shravan, “DEMYSTIFYING THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL PRACTICE”, available at http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/sE63lb52 [3] Types of Artificial Intelligence, available at https://www.bmc.com/blogs/artificial-intelligence-types/ [4] 2007 (3) KarLJ 148 [5] 2012 SCC OnLine HP 3257 [6] Editorial, “Apex court is exploring the possibility of adopting AI” The Hindu, May 24, 2021. [7] 2018 SCC Online SC 1667